POS week 1

 0    26 adatlap    dklekowski
letöltés mp3 Nyomtatás játszik ellenőrizze magát
 
kérdés English válasz English
5 features of scientific knowledge
kezdjen tanulni
generalisability, controllability, objectivity, use of valid methods of research, parsimony
controllability
kezdjen tanulni
research hast to be transparent and repeatable
objectivity
kezdjen tanulni
scientific research should strive for independence; it is important for trustworthiness of the results
parsimony
kezdjen tanulni
the simplest explanation that explains the greatest number of observations is preferred to more complex explanations
good reason model of truth
kezdjen tanulni
a claim is true if it is supported by the balance of reasons, a claim is supported by the balance of reasons if the reasons in favour of the claim outweigh the reasons against the claim
argumentum ad ignorentiam
kezdjen tanulni
one claims that sth is true cuz there is no proof for the opposite of what one claims
fallacious reasoning
kezdjen tanulni
from the fact that one cannot prove that something is the case, one cannot conclude that the opposite is the case
petitio principii
kezdjen tanulni
the claim that one has to prove is secretly taken for granted in one of the premises
false dilemma fallacy
kezdjen tanulni
when an argument offers a false range of choices and requires that you pick one of them
"what is reasonable" as methodological question
kezdjen tanulni
the correct methods of research and argumentation
representative heuristics
kezdjen tanulni
the more person or situation seems to represent the features of a particular type, the higher the chances that the person is of such type, without looking at the statistical distribution of chances
what is reasonable as an epistemological question
kezdjen tanulni
the status of acquired knowledge, when do we speak of knowledge, distinguished from opinion, faith or suspicion?
what is reasonable as an ontological question
kezdjen tanulni
the nature of social reality; how real is the money concept?
idealism
kezdjen tanulni
all natural phenomena are nothing more than mental representations. Trees, are just ideas of us, not objects that exist own reality. One never sees the rock as a whole, it is only a mental image
realism
kezdjen tanulni
our observation of reality is in some sense preshaped; 12 types of snow exist only for Inuits - this is something they can experience
ontology
kezdjen tanulni
study of being or existence and its basic categories and relationships; what entities can be said to exist or whether we can group these entities according to similarities and differences
epistemology
kezdjen tanulni
what is scientific knowledge and how it is obtained; how we know what we know
causality
kezdjen tanulni
explaining an outcome Y in terms of the necessary or sufficient conditions for Y to take place
Types of explanation
kezdjen tanulni
causal, functional, intentional
Ontological questions - examples
kezdjen tanulni
arę natural and social reality the same or are they different?; is money as real as water is?
epistemological questions - examples
kezdjen tanulni
how can we acquire reliable knowledge about social reality? can theories in social science be based on facts alone?
Positive theory
kezdjen tanulni
ambition to explain the world as it is; makes explicit positive expectations towards the world; theory-to-world direction of fit
Normative theory
kezdjen tanulni
ambition to justify the world as it ought to be; makes explicit normative expectations towards the world; world-to-theory direction of fit
truth preservation
kezdjen tanulni
with a logically valid arguments, true premises always lead to true conclusions; if not all premises are true, we don't know if conclusion is true; even with false premises, the argument can be valid an logical
logical argument
kezdjen tanulni
a process of creating new statement from one or more existing statements
causal explanation
kezdjen tanulni
based on assumption that by finding and explaining the cause of a phenomenon we explain the phenomenon

Kommentár közzétételéhez be kell jelentkeznie.