Old English (Historical Linguistics)

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What is the phonetic representation of the < a > grapheme?
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[ɑ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ā > grapheme?
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[ɑː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < e > grapheme?
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[e]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ē > grapheme?
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[eː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < i > grapheme?
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[i]
What is the phonetic representation of the < Ī > grapheme?
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[iː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < o > grapheme?
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[o]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ō > grapheme?
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[oː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < u > grapheme?
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[u]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ū > grapheme?
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[uː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < y > grapheme?
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[y]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ȳ > grapheme?
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[yː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ea > grapheme?
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[æə]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ēa > grapheme?
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[æɑ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < eo > grapheme?
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[eə]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ēo > grapheme?
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[eo]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ie > grapheme?
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[i]
What is the phonetic representation of the < īe > grapheme?
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[iː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < f > grapheme when between vowels?
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[v]
What is the phonetic representation of the < f > grapheme elsewhere?
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[f]
What is the phonetic representation of the < þ > grapheme when between vowels?
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[ð]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ð > grapheme when between vowels?
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[ð]
What is the phonetic representation of the < þ > grapheme elsewhere?
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[θ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ð > grapheme elsewhere?
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[θ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < s > grapheme when between vowels?
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[z]
What is the phonetic representation of the < s > grapheme elsewhere?
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[s]
What is the phonetic representation of the < c > grapheme?
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[k]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ċ > grapheme?
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[tʃ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < g > grapheme at the start of a word?
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[g]
What is the phonetic representation of the < g > grapheme after an 'n'?
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[g]
What is the phonetic representation of the < g > grapheme elsewhere?
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[ɣ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ġ > grapheme after 'n'?
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[dʒ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ġ > grapheme elsewhere?
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[j]
What is the phonetic representation of the < h > grapheme at the start of words?
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[h]
What is the phonetic representation of the < h > grapheme elsewhere?
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[x] or [ç]
What is the phonetic representation of the < r > grapheme?
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[r/ɾ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < an > grapheme?
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[ɒn]
What is the phonetic representation of the < on > grapheme?
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[ɒn]
What is the phonetic representation of the < sċ > grapheme?
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[ʃ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ċġ > grapheme?
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[dʒ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < Ƿ > grapheme?
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[w]
What is the phonetic representation of the < hÞ > grapheme?
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[ʍ]
When was Old English spoken?
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c. 450 - c. 1100
Who brought the English language to Great Britain?
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Germanic people from the areas of northern Germany and southern Denmark
When did Germanic tribes come to Great Britain?
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Around 450
What were the names of the three tribes that legends say brought English to Great Britain?
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Jutes, Angles, and Saxons (collectively referred to as Anglo-Saxons)
Who were the legendary leaders of the tribes that brought English to Great Britain?
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Hengist and Horsa
How many cases did Old English have?
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5
What are the 5 cases in Old English?
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Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Partitive, Dative, Instrumental
What is the Nominative case used for in Old English?
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Direct address, subject predicative/complement
What is the Accusative case used for in Old English?
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Direct object, object of some prepositions
What is the Genitive case used for in Old English?
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Possessive
What is the Partitive case used for in Old English?
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idk
What is the Dative case used for in Old English?
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ndirect object, substituting a preposition, object of preposition
What is the Instrumental case used for in Old English?
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Instrument (by means of, with)
How many grammatical genders did Old English have?
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3
What are the 3 grammatical genders in Old English?
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Feminine, masculine, neuter
What percentage of Old English nouns are strong nouns?
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Around 60%
What is the pattern for masculine strong nouns in Old English (e.g., bāt)?
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N.sg.: bāt A.: bāt G.: bātes D.: bāte N/A pl.: bātas G.: bāta D.: bātum
What are the endings for neuter strong nouns with short stems (e.g., scip)?
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N.sg.: scip A.: scip G.: scipes D.: scipe N/A pl.: scipu G.: scipa D.: scipum
What are the endings for neuter strong nouns with long stems (e.g., þing)?
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N.sg.: þing A.: þing G.: þinges D.: þinge N/A pl.: þing G.: þinga D.: þingum
What defines a short stem in neuter strong nouns?
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Short vowel + 1 consonant (e.g., scip, bæb)
What defines a long stem in neuter strong nouns?
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Long vowel + 1 consonant (e.g., bān) or short vowel + more than 1 consonant (e.g., word, bedd, land)
What are the endings for feminine strong nouns with short stems (e.g., scinu)?
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N.sg.: scinu A.: scine G.: scine D.: scine N/A pl.: scina, -e G.: scina D.: scinum
What are the endings for feminine strong nouns with long stems (e.g., glōf)?
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N.sg.: glōf A.: glōfe G.: glōfe D.: glōfe N/A pl.: glōfa, -e G.: glōfa D.: glōfum
What percentage of Old English nouns are weak nouns?
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Around 30%
What characterizes weak nouns in Old English?
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Little inflectional variety
What are the endings for masculine weak nouns (e.g., nama)?
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N.sg.: nama A.: naman G.: naman D.: naman N/A pl.: naman G.: namena, -a D.: namum
What are the endings for neuter weak nouns (e.g., ēare)?
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N.sg.: ēare A.: ēare G.: ēaran D.: ēaran N/A pl.: ēaran G.: ēarena, -a D.: ēarum
What are the endings for feminine weak nouns (e.g., sunne)?
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N.sg.: sunne A.: sunnan G.: sunnan D.: sunnan N/A pl.: sunnan G.: sunnena, -a D.: sunnum
What defines masculine weak nouns in Old English?
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Nom.sg. ending in -a (e.g., cnapa, guma, oxa)
What defines neuter weak nouns in Old English?
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ēage, ēare, wange (only these 3)
What defines feminine weak nouns in Old English?
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Nom.sg. ending in -e (e.g., sunne, tunge)
How do adjectives in Old English differ from nouns?
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Adjectives agree with their nouns in number, gender, and case
When are adjectives in Old English declined weak?
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When modified by a demonstrative pronoun, possessive pronoun, or an adjective, possessive noun phrase, and in vocative expressions
When are adjectives in Old English declined strong?
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In other situations
What are the basic features of verbs in Old English?
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Inflected in first, second, and third person, singular and plural; two tenses (present and past); three moods (imperative, subjunctive, indicative)
What moods did Old English have?
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Imperative, subjunctive, indicative
What was the subjunctive mood used for in Old English?
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To express wish, doubt, possibility, or opinion
What was the indicative mood used for in Old English?
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Statements of facts
What are the four verbals in Old English?
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Infinitive, inflected infinitive, present participle, past participle
What is the main distinction between strong and weak verbs in Old English?
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The manner in which they form the past tense
How do weak verbs form the past tense in Old English?
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Add a -d- or -t- suffix
How do weak verbs form the past participle in Old English?
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Add a -d- or -t- suffix
How do strong verbs form the past tense in Old English?
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Change a vowel in the stem
How do strong verbs form the past participle in Old English?
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Add -en-
What is an example of a 'weird' weak verb in Old English?
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sēċan (to seek): sēċe, sōhte, (ge)sōht
Why is sēċan considered a weak verb despite having an ablaut in the stem?
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A fricative is added as a suffix in the past form
What are other examples of 'weird' weak verbs in Old English?
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brengan: brenge, brōhte, (ge)brōht; pencan: ƿence, ƿōhte, (ge)ƿōht

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