intro to literature

hermeneutics

the teory and methodology of interpretation, especially of scriptural text

rhetoric

the study of using language effectively and persuasively

philology

the study of literature in general

textual criticism

focuses on close reading and detailed analysis of a text

canon

a group of literary works that are consider to be the most important of a particular time or place

content

topics, ideas, statements that are said in a literary work

form

framework of a literary work

theme

the story's idea or point

motif

reocurring object, concept or structure in a work of literature

setting

time and place of a story

style

the way author choses and arranges words

sound patterns

alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia

alliteration

repetition of identical initial sounds in neighbouring words or syllables

assonance

repetition of similar wovels in neighbouring words or syllables

consonance

repetition of similar consonants in neighbouring words or syllables

onomatopoeia + example

words that imitate the sounds of objects or actions they refer to, knoc knock

imagery, image

words that appeal to one or more of five senses

simile

a comparison of two things, usually with 'like' or 'as'

metaphore

describe the subject of asserting that it is, in some poin of comparison, the same as another otherwise unrelated object

tenor

an underlaying idea or subject that is the meaning of a metaphor

vehicle

illuminates tenor

implicit metaphor + example

a ful subject is not explane but it is implied from the context of a sentence, we are drinking the white

dead metaphor + example

has lost its original imagery due to the popular usage, a leg of a table

metonomy + example

one word is substituted for another with which is closely associated, crown - royalty

synecdoche + example

a term of a part of something is used to refer to a whole of something i vice versa, wheels - a vehicle

anaphora

repetition of a word or phrase at the beggining of succesive clauses or verses

antithesis

opposing or contrasting ideas

apostrophe

addresing to inanimated object or place as if it was alive

ellipsis

omission of a word or phrase that is necessary for a grammatical structure but not necessary fo understanding

hyperbole

an exaggeration used for emphasis or effect

litotes + example

consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite, she was not a little upset - she was extramely upset

parallelism + example

The balance between two or more similar words, phrases or clauses, she likes music, movies and books

rhetorical question + example

a question for which we don't expect an answer, to be or not to be?

zeugma + example

one word or phrase is understood to be related to two or more other words or phrases while being grammaticlly consistent with only one of them, She opened her door and her heart to the orphan

lyric poetry

expresses feelings

epic poetry

tells a story

soliloquy + example

a dramatic monologue that represents of unspoken reflections, to be or not to be

persona

voice that is heard in a poem

elegy

a song or a poem expressing sorrow or lamentation for someone who is dead, Elegy for N. N Czesław Miłosz

hymn

a song or praise or joy

ode

lyric poem usually of a serious matter or meditative nature, having elevated style and formal stanzaic structure

ballad

a simple narrative poem of folk orgin

exposition

background informations we need to make sense of an action like describtion of a setting or introduction of major characters

description

careful detailing of a person, place, thing or event

masculine rhyme + example

rhyme that ends with a stressed syllable, today sashay

feminine rhyme + example

a rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed, waken forsaken

ful (true, perfect) rhyme + example

the stressed wovels and all following consonants are identical, chain brain

slant (imperfect, partial) rhyme + example

either the wovel or the consonants of stressed syllable are identical, roaming coming

eye-rhyme + example

words look like they should rhyme but they do not, sone none

end rhyme

when words at the end of lines rhyme

internal rhyme

when words rhyme within lines

prosody

science of poetry's structure

rhythm

combination of stressed and unstressed syllables

ceasura

a pause within a line of poetry

end-stopped line

a line that has a natural speech pause at the end

run-on line

enjambment, a line that has no natural speech pause

rising meter

metrical feet which move from unstressed to stressed sounds

falling meter

metrical feet which move from stressed to unstressed sounds

iamb

feet consists of an unstressed syllable and stressed syllable

trochee

feet consists of a stressed syllable and an unstressed syllable

anapest

feet consist of 2 unstressed syllables and one stressed syllable

dactyl

feet consists of one stressed syllable and two unstressed syllables

amphibrach

feet consists of an unstressed syllable, a stressed syllable and an unstressed syllable

peon

feet consists of 2 unstressed syllables, one stressed syllable and one unstressed syllable

catalectic line

metrically incomplite line of verse, lacking syllable at the end

spondee

a metrical feet consisting of two short or two stressed syllables

pyrhic

a metrical feet consisting of two short or anstressed syllables

tropes + example

figures of thought, metaphor

rhetorical figures + example

figures of speech, zeugma

conotations

meanings associated with the word beyond its dictionary meaning

denotation

a dictionary meaning of a word

irony

a technique of indicating something by using words of opposit meanings

naive hero

a protagonist, usually a narrator, who misinterprates events for ironic sometimes humorous purposes

symbolism, symbol

something that beyond its dictionary suggests something else, represents abstract idea

conventional symbol

symbol that is widely recognize and understood

allegory + example

a story with literal and symbolic meaning, Animal Farm

fable

a brief story that points to a moral, hilights human's fails, satyrical in tone

beast fable

a fable with animals as characters

epigram + example

a short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation, speech is silver but silence is gold

parable + example

a short allegorical story that ilustrates or teaches some truth, religious principle or moral lesson, in bible

exemplum + example

a short tale used as an example to ilustrate a moral poit, The Pardoner's Tale

tale

a story that narrates strange happenings in direct manner

plot

events that make up a story

climax

moment of greatest action

structure

designe or form of the completed action

major character

an important figure at the center of a story's action or theme

dynamic character

a character that exhibits some kind of change

static character

a character that is unchanging

omniscient narrator

all knowing narrator

limited omniscient point of view

a narrator's knowledge is limited to only one character

monologue

a speech by one character adrresd to a silent or absent listiner

round character

shows many different faces, presented with depth and detales

flat character

a character that has one outstanding set of features

protagonist

major character with whom we sympathize

antagonist

a character that is in conflict with protagonist

reliable narrator

convinces readers that he reporting events, actions etc accurately and without prejudice

unreliable narrator

raises suspicions that he or she reporting events, actions etc inacuratelly

objective narrator

like camera, can't look into character's minds

tone

author's attitude towards the characters or story

open form

form used in poems that don't follow established patters for lines, stanzas or rhymes

couplet

to rhyming lines of poetry

oxymoron

a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms

iambic pentameter

an unstressed syllable followed by stressed syllable, has five foot

english sonnet

14 lines divided into 3 quatrains and a couplet at the end

italian sonnet

14 lines divided into octave (8lines) and a sestes (6 lines)

foil

a character that contrasts to another character in order to higlights some features

literature

writings kept alive by their beauty, style or thoughts

genre

a type of writing of literature

types of literature

prose, poetry, drama

extended metaphor

a long, extended comparison of two things, homeric comparison

blank verse

unrhymed iambic pentameter

mimesis

shows story

digesis

tells story