→ Descriptive Grammar → A tanulás megkezdése / Letöltés MP3 Flashcards

kérdés		válasz
nouns podzial kezdjen tanulni		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca kezdjen tanulni		classifiers
verbs podzial kezdjen tanulni		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants kezdjen tanulni		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs kezdjen tanulni		one participant - john is running
monotransutive kezdjen tanulni		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive kezdjen tanulni		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem kezdjen tanulni		copular
appear kezdjen tanulni		copular
sound kezdjen tanulni		copular
turn kezdjen tanulni		copular
look kezdjen tanulni		copular
smell kezdjen tanulni		copular
taste kezdjen tanulni		copular
feel kezdjen tanulni		copular
get kezdjen tanulni		copukar
complex transitive verbs kezdjen tanulni		mary considers john an imposter
believe kezdjen tanulni		complex transit
consider kezdjen tanulni		complex transit
find kezdjen tanulni		complex transit
judge kezdjen tanulni		complex transit
keep kezdjen tanulni		comlex transit
think kezdjen tanulni		complex transit
know kezdjen tanulni		complex transit
presume kezdjen tanulni		complex teansit
presume kezdjen tanulni		complex transit
many kezdjen tanulni		det
all kezdjen tanulni		det
that kezdjen tanulni		sub
verbs podzial kezdjen tanulni		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following kezdjen tanulni		adj
podzial czasownikow kezdjen tanulni		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować kezdjen tanulni		revise
konczyc kezdjen tanulni		terminate
wytlumaczyc kezdjen tanulni		account for
at home kezdjen tanulni		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time kezdjen tanulni		prepositional phrase
with me kezdjen tanulni		prepositional phrase
at home kezdjen tanulni		prepositional phrase
word classes ile kezdjen tanulni		8
words podzial kezdjen tanulni		content, function
concent words kezdjen tanulni		lexical morphemes
function words kezdjen tanulni		grammatical morphemes
noncount kezdjen tanulni		masscount
nouns podzial kezdjen tanulni		concrete, abstract, collective
several kezdjen tanulni		determiner
which kezdjen tanulni		determiner
whose kezdjen tanulni		determiner
degree words kezdjen tanulni		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje kezdjen tanulni		attributive, predicative
lexical verb kezdjen tanulni		main verb
paradigm kezdjen tanulni		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie kezdjen tanulni		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola kezdjen tanulni		they determine the noun phrase
reference kezdjen tanulni		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference kezdjen tanulni		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział kezdjen tanulni		spacial, temporal
coordinators kezdjen tanulni		join the elements of the same status
subordinator kezdjen tanulni		introduct clauses
subordinator kezdjen tanulni		introduct clauses
subordinator kezdjen tanulni		introduct clauses
clause kezdjen tanulni		full grammatical unit
too kezdjen tanulni		degree word
most kezdjen tanulni		degree word
need kezdjen tanulni		auxiliary
whatever kezdjen tanulni		determiner
lexicon kezdjen tanulni		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka kezdjen tanulni		also known as
word class kezdjen tanulni		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution kezdjen tanulni		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy kezdjen tanulni		arbitrary
jednostka kezdjen tanulni		entity
zewnetrzny kezdjen tanulni		external
classifiers kezdjen tanulni		unit nouns
verbs odmiana kezdjen tanulni		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly kezdjen tanulni		degree modifier
very kezdjen tanulni		degree modifier
three years kezdjen tanulni		measure phrase
predictive adjectives kezdjen tanulni		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca kezdjen tanulni		traitor
her kezdjen tanulni		determiner
hers kezdjen tanulni		pronoun
inflwction kezdjen tanulni		adjusting to the context
derivation kezdjen tanulni		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root kezdjen tanulni		carries the lexical information
interfix kezdjen tanulni		goes in between(o)
infix kezdjen tanulni		inside a single lexem
circumfix kezdjen tanulni		en
3 types of compounds kezdjen tanulni		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional kezdjen tanulni		both elements have equal status
exocentric kezdjen tanulni		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric kezdjen tanulni		1 element describes the other
conversion kezdjen tanulni		lexical recategorisation
back-formation kezdjen tanulni		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication kezdjen tanulni		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping kezdjen tanulni		cutting the part of the word
blending kezdjen tanulni		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization kezdjen tanulni		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification kezdjen tanulni		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another kezdjen tanulni		pronoun
morphology kezdjen tanulni		deals with internal structure of words
morphem kezdjen tanulni		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes kezdjen tanulni		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words kezdjen tanulni		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes kezdjen tanulni		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes kezdjen tanulni		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix kezdjen tanulni		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes kezdjen tanulni		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding kezdjen tanulni		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend kezdjen tanulni		appositional
woman dictor kezdjen tanulni		appositional
woman doctor kezdjen tanulni		appositional
sleepwalk kezdjen tanulni		appositional
tennis shoe kezdjen tanulni		endocentric
kitchen chair kezdjen tanulni		endocentric
sit-in kezdjen tanulni		exocentric
pickpocket kezdjen tanulni		exocentric
redhead kezdjen tanulni		exocentric
borrowings kezdjen tanulni		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many kezdjen tanulni		specifier
our kezdjen tanulni		specifier
so kezdjen tanulni		specifier
too kezdjen tanulni		specifier
right kezdjen tanulni		specifier
quite kezdjen tanulni		specifier
just kezdjen tanulni		specifier
word form kezdjen tanulni		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head kezdjen tanulni		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric kezdjen tanulni		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N kezdjen tanulni		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v kezdjen tanulni		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests kezdjen tanulni		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom kezdjen tanulni		volume
argument structure kezdjen tanulni		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot kezdjen tanulni		subject
orzeczenie kezdjen tanulni		predicate
agent restructions kezdjen tanulni		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was kezdjen tanulni		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was kezdjen tanulni		x - patient, theme
causative alternation kezdjen tanulni		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation kezdjen tanulni		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop kezdjen tanulni		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation kezdjen tanulni		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation kezdjen tanulni		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation kezdjen tanulni		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation kezdjen tanulni		this book reads well
adding goal pp kezdjen tanulni		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation kezdjen tanulni		john shaves in the morning
agent kezdjen tanulni		animate initiator
force kezdjen tanulni		inanimate cause of an action
instrument kezdjen tanulni		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer kezdjen tanulni		the animate being affected inwardly
source kezdjen tanulni		the place from which an action emnate
goal kezdjen tanulni		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path kezdjen tanulni		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location kezdjen tanulni		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor kezdjen tanulni		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession kezdjen tanulni		Judy’s head
alienable possession kezdjen tanulni		judys car
benefactive kezdjen tanulni		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive kezdjen tanulni		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient kezdjen tanulni		a person or thing affected by an action
patient kezdjen tanulni		undergoes a change
theme kezdjen tanulni		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral kezdjen tanulni		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range kezdjen tanulni		specification/limitatiin of an action
role kezdjen tanulni		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object kezdjen tanulni		who what
indirect object kezdjen tanulni		to whom for whom
case frame kezdjen tanulni		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates kezdjen tanulni		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments kezdjen tanulni		the participants
testing dynamism kezdjen tanulni		ing
testing durativity kezdjen tanulni		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity kezdjen tanulni		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject kezdjen tanulni		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect kezdjen tanulni		patient/theme
passivisation kezdjen tanulni		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: kezdjen tanulni		follow, precede
the double object construction forces kezdjen tanulni		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations kezdjen tanulni		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences kezdjen tanulni		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o kezdjen tanulni		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie kezdjen tanulni		Still waters run deep
i think kezdjen tanulni		state
przeslanka, zlozenje kezdjen tanulni		premise
I will kezdjen tanulni		premise
I am kezdjen tanulni		intention
i’m going to kezdjen tanulni		strong intention
will you be going kezdjen tanulni		asking about plans
will you go kezdjen tanulni		request
I was meeting kezdjen tanulni		the meeting started before
i have been very busy kezdjen tanulni		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped kezdjen tanulni		in the past
I was hoping kezdjen tanulni		polite expression
has been placing kezdjen tanulni		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits kezdjen tanulni		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits kezdjen tanulni		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning kezdjen tanulni		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning kezdjen tanulni		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday kezdjen tanulni		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for kezdjen tanulni		repeated action
where did steve go for kezdjen tanulni		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax kezdjen tanulni		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause kezdjen tanulni		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse kezdjen tanulni		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale kezdjen tanulni		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause kezdjen tanulni		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause kezdjen tanulni		clause within a main clause
that kezdjen tanulni		conjunction/subordinator
sentence kezdjen tanulni		independent unit of syntax
clause kezdjen tanulni		may be dependent/independent
finite verb kezdjen tanulni		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always kezdjen tanulni		finite
subordinate clauses kezdjen tanulni		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms kezdjen tanulni		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses kezdjen tanulni		always finite
modal auxiliaries kezdjen tanulni		finite verb forms
that clauses kezdjen tanulni		always finite
bare infinitive kezdjen tanulni		non-finite verb form
present participle kezdjen tanulni		non-finite verb form
past participle kezdjen tanulni		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive kezdjen tanulni		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type kezdjen tanulni		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen kezdjen tanulni		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences kezdjen tanulni		finite
exclamative sentence kezdjen tanulni		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form kezdjen tanulni		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions kezdjen tanulni		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object kezdjen tanulni		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object kezdjen tanulni		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject kezdjen tanulni		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject kezdjen tanulni		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses kezdjen tanulni		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses kezdjen tanulni		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject kezdjen tanulni		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct kezdjen tanulni		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word kezdjen tanulni		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject kezdjen tanulni		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj kezdjen tanulni		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject kezdjen tanulni		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject kezdjen tanulni		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct kezdjen tanulni		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi kezdjen tanulni		cab
ing participle as adjunct kezdjen tanulni		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen kezdjen tanulni		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb kezdjen tanulni		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen kezdjen tanulni		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie kezdjen tanulni		suffocate
function of claused complement of n kezdjen tanulni		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP kezdjen tanulni		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p kezdjen tanulni		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts kezdjen tanulni		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) kezdjen tanulni		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts kezdjen tanulni		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses kezdjen tanulni		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses kezdjen tanulni		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses kezdjen tanulni		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary kezdjen tanulni		clause as subject/ complement
that required kezdjen tanulni		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: kezdjen tanulni		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl kezdjen tanulni		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers kezdjen tanulni		always obligatory!!!
if introduces kezdjen tanulni		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces kezdjen tanulni		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry kezdjen tanulni		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech kezdjen tanulni		words
or, and, but = parts of speech kezdjen tanulni		coordinators
that if part of speech kezdjen tanulni		subordinator
your time is up kezdjen tanulni		A
the balloons rose up to the sky kezdjen tanulni		Adv
they live just up the street from us kezdjen tanulni		P
the dog tore up the slipper kezdjen tanulni		prt
major word classes kezdjen tanulni		lexical categories
minor word classes kezdjen tanulni		functional cat
kostka masla kezdjen tanulni		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun kezdjen tanulni		a heap of books
copular verbs kezdjen tanulni		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet kezdjen tanulni		comolex transitive
participants kezdjen tanulni		arguments
verbs kezdjen tanulni		predicators
adjectives kezdjen tanulni		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade kezdjen tanulni		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe kezdjen tanulni		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly kezdjen tanulni		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years kezdjen tanulni		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely kezdjen tanulni		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs kezdjen tanulni		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries kezdjen tanulni		have, be
dummy auxiliary kezdjen tanulni		do
this/ that kezdjen tanulni		demonstratives
determiners kezdjen tanulni		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her kezdjen tanulni		determiner
hers kezdjen tanulni		pronoun
indefinite reference kezdjen tanulni		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner kezdjen tanulni		P
come roumd with some fresh air kezdjen tanulni		adv
idle kezdjen tanulni		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives kezdjen tanulni		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete kezdjen tanulni		personality- a personality
mass to count kezdjen tanulni		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass kezdjen tanulni		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed kezdjen tanulni		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes kezdjen tanulni		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph kezdjen tanulni		free morph bound morph
free morph kezdjen tanulni		root
affix kezdjen tanulni		always a bound root
derivational affix kezdjen tanulni		prefix/ suffix
simple word kezdjen tanulni		1 free root
complex word kezdjen tanulni		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word kezdjen tanulni		2 free roots
compound - complex kezdjen tanulni		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation kezdjen tanulni		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion kezdjen tanulni		functional shift
functional shift kezdjen tanulni		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots kezdjen tanulni		compound
root creation kezdjen tanulni		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix kezdjen tanulni		un, mis, over
suffix kezdjen tanulni		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix kezdjen tanulni		gramophone
infix kezdjen tanulni		kangabloodyroo
circumfix kezdjen tanulni		enliven
compouding kezdjen tanulni		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp kezdjen tanulni		kitchen chair
exocentric compound kezdjen tanulni		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund kezdjen tanulni		woman doctor
conversion kezdjen tanulni		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping kezdjen tanulni		fridge
blending kezdjen tanulni		workoholic
acronymization kezdjen tanulni		VIP
internal modification kezdjen tanulni		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings kezdjen tanulni		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng kezdjen tanulni		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo kezdjen tanulni		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc kezdjen tanulni		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses kezdjen tanulni		agent
what y did to x kezdjen tanulni		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film kezdjen tanulni		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table kezdjen tanulni		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris kezdjen tanulni		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning kezdjen tanulni		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily kezdjen tanulni		middle alternation
the situation types differ in kezdjen tanulni		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test kezdjen tanulni		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive kezdjen tanulni		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test kezdjen tanulni		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee kezdjen tanulni		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice kezdjen tanulni		telic
she ate rice kezdjen tanulni		atelic
telicy test kezdjen tanulni		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test kezdjen tanulni		in ten minutes
atelic situation test kezdjen tanulni		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure kezdjen tanulni		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes kezdjen tanulni		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes kezdjen tanulni		telic
twierdzic kezdjen tanulni		to assert
* i think about my work now kezdjen tanulni		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events kezdjen tanulni		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying kezdjen tanulni		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct kezdjen tanulni		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct kezdjen tanulni		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct kezdjen tanulni		in a rush
pp as adjunct kezdjen tanulni		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door kezdjen tanulni		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack kezdjen tanulni		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions kezdjen tanulni		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives kezdjen tanulni		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns kezdjen tanulni		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs kezdjen tanulni		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement kezdjen tanulni		william blushed
complements of verb kezdjen tanulni		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs kezdjen tanulni		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy kezdjen tanulni		about/with
np adjunct kezdjen tanulni		this week
pp adjunct kezdjen tanulni		in the park
ap adjunct kezdjen tanulni		very long
np complement kezdjen tanulni		read(a book)
pp complement kezdjen tanulni		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement kezdjen tanulni		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts kezdjen tanulni		specifiers
head alone kezdjen tanulni		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence kezdjen tanulni		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo kezdjen tanulni		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo kezdjen tanulni		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent kezdjen tanulni		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents kezdjen tanulni		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? kezdjen tanulni		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like kezdjen tanulni		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will kezdjen tanulni		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet kezdjen tanulni		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy kezdjen tanulni		heavy np shift
the x’schema kezdjen tanulni		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules kezdjen tanulni		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules kezdjen tanulni		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category kezdjen tanulni		the head of the structure
general schems kezdjen tanulni		X‘ schema
X kezdjen tanulni		head
YP kezdjen tanulni		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ kezdjen tanulni		intermediate projection
RP kezdjen tanulni		adjunct
ZP kezdjen tanulni		specifier
X‘ kezdjen tanulni		intermediate structure
english-head initial language kezdjen tanulni		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb kezdjen tanulni		object
*louise abandonedd kezdjen tanulni		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase kezdjen tanulni		specifier
complete phrase kezdjen tanulni		a maximal projection of the head
specifier kezdjen tanulni		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence kezdjen tanulni		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as kezdjen tanulni		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric kezdjen tanulni		they r built around the head successively
head kezdjen tanulni		the minimal projection
complements kezdjen tanulni		expand x into x’
adjuncts kezdjen tanulni		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers kezdjen tanulni		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine kezdjen tanulni		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np kezdjen tanulni		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp kezdjen tanulni		and nor will jay
the new teacher did kezdjen tanulni		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = kezdjen tanulni		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge kezdjen tanulni		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation kezdjen tanulni		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation kezdjen tanulni		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will kezdjen tanulni		topicalistion
postponing kezdjen tanulni		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent kezdjen tanulni		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps kezdjen tanulni		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting kezdjen tanulni		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile kezdjen tanulni		no part of vp possible
coordinators kezdjen tanulni		conjunctions
coordination kezdjen tanulni		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination kezdjen tanulni		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy kezdjen tanulni		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves kezdjen tanulni		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden kezdjen tanulni		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams kezdjen tanulni		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests kezdjen tanulni		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests kezdjen tanulni		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify kezdjen tanulni		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants kezdjen tanulni		predicate
1 place predicate kezdjen tanulni		Frank is irish
2 place predicate kezdjen tanulni		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate kezdjen tanulni		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate kezdjen tanulni		0 place predicates
semantic notions kezdjen tanulni		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions kezdjen tanulni		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez kezdjen tanulni		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond kezdjen tanulni		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy kezdjen tanulni		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious kezdjen tanulni		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at kezdjen tanulni		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan kezdjen tanulni		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated kezdjen tanulni		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates kezdjen tanulni		John is envious
prepositions as predicates kezdjen tanulni		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol kezdjen tanulni		location
people filled the room kezdjen tanulni		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair kezdjen tanulni		possessor
coach kezdjen tanulni		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin kezdjen tanulni		factirive
the chicken was baked by me kezdjen tanulni		patient
it costs a hundred dollars kezdjen tanulni		range
it weights 80 kilograms kezdjen tanulni		range
hum kezdjen tanulni		nucić
he hummed a silly tune kezdjen tanulni		range
he lived out his life happily kezdjen tanulni		range
lexical representation of predicates kezdjen tanulni		argument structure
weather predications kezdjen tanulni		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation kezdjen tanulni		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme kezdjen tanulni		semantic selection
experiencer kezdjen tanulni		encodes animate being
sentient kezdjen tanulni		czujący
* john envies kezdjen tanulni		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary kezdjen tanulni		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary kezdjen tanulni		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc kezdjen tanulni		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf kezdjen tanulni		source
his leaving pleases me kezdjen tanulni		source
the sun gives off heat kezdjen tanulni		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly kezdjen tanulni		source
i walked upstairs kezdjen tanulni		goal
she did it for love kezdjen tanulni		goal
path kezdjen tanulni		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks kezdjen tanulni		via
specifier kezdjen tanulni		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier kezdjen tanulni		determiner
* this the book kezdjen tanulni		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers kezdjen tanulni		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility kezdjen tanulni		so, rather
so, rather kezdjen tanulni		det
utterly as adjunct kezdjen tanulni		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong kezdjen tanulni		so- specifier of pp
right kezdjen tanulni		determiner
specifier kezdjen tanulni		precedes x’ in english
not kezdjen tanulni		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses kezdjen tanulni		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners kezdjen tanulni		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP kezdjen tanulni		a/some/out/this
spec in vp kezdjen tanulni		negation
specifier in ap kezdjen tanulni		too, how, so
spec in advp kezdjen tanulni		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp kezdjen tanulni		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause kezdjen tanulni		NP
specifoer in clause kezdjen tanulni		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause kezdjen tanulni		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause kezdjen tanulni		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier kezdjen tanulni		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause kezdjen tanulni		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause kezdjen tanulni		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage kezdjen tanulni		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late kezdjen tanulni		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T kezdjen tanulni		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase kezdjen tanulni		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure kezdjen tanulni		x, x’, x’’
never kezdjen tanulni		spec of vp
spec of ap kezdjen tanulni		HOW nice
a juvenile kezdjen tanulni		nieletni
a private kezdjen tanulni		szeregowy
a natural kezdjen tanulni		naturszczyk
a daily kezdjen tanulni		dziennik
herd kezdjen tanulni		tłum, stado
your time is up kezdjen tanulni		A
the balloons rose up to the sky kezdjen tanulni		adv
the dog tore up the slipper kezdjen tanulni		prt
they live just up the street from us kezdjen tanulni		adv
would you write your adress down for me kezdjen tanulni		prt
he ran down the stairs kezdjen tanulni		P
he looked down because he was embarassed kezdjen tanulni		adv
dummy auxiliary kezdjen tanulni		do
primary auxiliaries kezdjen tanulni		have, be
vis kezdjen tanulni		potęga, siła
monotheism root kezdjen tanulni		THE
syntactic pattern kezdjen tanulni		V+ N+ er>N
hover kezdjen tanulni		unosic sie
pług kezdjen tanulni		plow
drip kezdjen tanulni		kapać
clean-cut kezdjen tanulni		wyrazisty
badmouth kezdjen tanulni		obgadywac
cranapple kezdjen tanulni		semantically opaque
neologizm kezdjen tanulni		literary coinage
canary od canary islands kezdjen tanulni		commonization
split adjective kezdjen tanulni		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests kezdjen tanulni		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns kezdjen tanulni		determiners
idles kezdjen tanulni		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled kezdjen tanulni		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation kezdjen tanulni		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete kezdjen tanulni		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation kezdjen tanulni		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation kezdjen tanulni		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion kezdjen tanulni		einstain -> an einstein
constituent kezdjen tanulni		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics kezdjen tanulni		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax kezdjen tanulni		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband kezdjen tanulni		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously kezdjen tanulni		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP kezdjen tanulni		completely dry
different types of words kezdjen tanulni		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec kezdjen tanulni		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy kezdjen tanulni		gerund
yourself kezdjen tanulni		pronoun
another kezdjen tanulni		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend kezdjen tanulni		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila kezdjen tanulni		vis
invisibly root kezdjen tanulni		vis
what kezdjen tanulni		PRONOUN
so kezdjen tanulni		CONJUNCTION
declarative kezdjen tanulni		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative kezdjen tanulni		question
imperative kezdjen tanulni		directive
exclamative kezdjen tanulni		exclamation
aspect kezdjen tanulni		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction kezdjen tanulni		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis kezdjen tanulni		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form kezdjen tanulni		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other kezdjen tanulni		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction kezdjen tanulni		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this kezdjen tanulni		clausal prp-form
it kezdjen tanulni		clausal proform
topicalization kezdjen tanulni		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation kezdjen tanulni		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive kezdjen tanulni		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion kezdjen tanulni		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization kezdjen tanulni		10 years we lived there
focalization kezdjen tanulni		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft kezdjen tanulni		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft kezdjen tanulni		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right kezdjen tanulni		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation kezdjen tanulni		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation kezdjen tanulni		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation kezdjen tanulni		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift kezdjen tanulni		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np kezdjen tanulni		long/complex np
extraposition feom np kezdjen tanulni		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np kezdjen tanulni		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np kezdjen tanulni		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition kezdjen tanulni		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition kezdjen tanulni		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions kezdjen tanulni		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions kezdjen tanulni		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition kezdjen tanulni		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause kezdjen tanulni		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion kezdjen tanulni		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion kezdjen tanulni		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion kezdjen tanulni		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction kezdjen tanulni		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion kezdjen tanulni		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion kezdjen tanulni		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction kezdjen tanulni		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate kezdjen tanulni		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion kezdjen tanulni		definite nps impossible
reduction kezdjen tanulni		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction kezdjen tanulni		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction kezdjen tanulni		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction kezdjen tanulni		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction kezdjen tanulni		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence kezdjen tanulni		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence kezdjen tanulni		new info, comment
topic kezdjen tanulni		what an uterrance is about
comment kezdjen tanulni		what is said about the topic
contrast kezdjen tanulni		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by kezdjen tanulni		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting kezdjen tanulni		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation kezdjen tanulni		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation kezdjen tanulni		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation kezdjen tanulni		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence kezdjen tanulni		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft kezdjen tanulni		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive kezdjen tanulni		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np kezdjen tanulni		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order kezdjen tanulni		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context kezdjen tanulni		contrast, givenness/newness
given information kezdjen tanulni		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information kezdjen tanulni		focal information
new information kezdjen tanulni		focus/focal information
new information kezdjen tanulni		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure kezdjen tanulni		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice kezdjen tanulni		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice kezdjen tanulni		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik kezdjen tanulni		counterpart
zrozumienie kezdjen tanulni		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft kezdjen tanulni		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop kezdjen tanulni		drink
Dative construction kezdjen tanulni		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation kezdjen tanulni		bring
benefactive alternation kezdjen tanulni		buy
middle alternation kezdjen tanulni		cut
causative/inochative kezdjen tanulni		melt
locative alternation kezdjen tanulni		locative
locative alternation kezdjen tanulni		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic kezdjen tanulni		incompatible
elapse kezdjen tanulni		upływać (time)
i think...... is... kezdjen tanulni		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now kezdjen tanulni		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table kezdjen tanulni		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying kezdjen tanulni		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... kezdjen tanulni		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements kezdjen tanulni		beavers build dams
timeless statements kezdjen tanulni		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) kezdjen tanulni		haste makes waste
plot summary kezdjen tanulni		Hamlet dies...
future statement kezdjen tanulni		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary kezdjen tanulni		he shoots. he scores
reporting info kezdjen tanulni		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs kezdjen tanulni		tap, kick, flash
copula v kezdjen tanulni		remain
ditransitive kezdjen tanulni		ask
prepositional verb kezdjen tanulni		look after
shifts in meaning -passive kezdjen tanulni		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning kezdjen tanulni		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive kezdjen tanulni		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old kezdjen tanulni		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin kezdjen tanulni		lexical entry
direct object kezdjen tanulni		np/clause
license purpose clauses kezdjen tanulni		only agent
complementizers - finite kezdjen tanulni		that, wherher
complementizers non finite kezdjen tanulni		for

descriptive grammar

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